AGRP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Finally, in animal experiments, empagliflozin influenced hypothalamic energy homeostasis, acting as a potential regulator in obesity by directly influencing the expression of endogenous mRNA of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), which are critical for energy homeostasis and modulate their transcription in high-fat diet-induced obesity [79].