TGFB1 and postmenopausal osteoporosis: Alterations in TGF-β1(TGFB1), as a key regulator of bone formation and resorption balance, influenced by genetic polymorphisms and estrogen deficiency are known to increase the risk of postmenopausal osteoporosis, highlighting the potential relevance of this interaction in mitigating disease progression [48,49,50].