TNF and endothelial dysfunction: In affected individuals, there is a notable increase in C3a and C5a, an upregulation of adhesion molecules, and an excessive recruitment of various immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, T cells, and B cells, as well as elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL1α, IL1β, IL2, IL6, IL8, TNFα, and IL17, alongside endothelial dysfunction [10,78,98,99,100,101,435,436,437].