PDCD1 and neoplasm: Recently, in a study of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a mutation in liver kinase B1 (LKB1), it was reported that inhibiting ULK1 interferes with the initiation stage of autophagy, which has a synergistic effect with the inhibition of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) antibody and that it leads to an increase in the effector T-cell population and tumor regression [24].