At the same time, TCS exposure significantly affected human blood glucose levels and increased insulin resistance, with significant increases in the levels of FBG (β = 0.135, 95% CI: 0.073, 0.196), INS (β = 0.157, 95% CI: 0.013, 0.302), HbA1c (β = 0.067, 95% CI: 0.028, 0.106), and HOMA2-IR (β = 0.015 95% CI: 0.004, 0.025). Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.