LCN2 and chronic kidney disease: NGAL, however, like other biomarkers, has some limitations, including the following ones: (1) lack of universal cut-off values, which may be associated with challenging discrimination of true positives from false positive and false negative results; (2) possible impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) or systemic inflammation during sepsis on NGAL concentrations; (3) differences in diagnostic utility, depending on the stage of AKI; (4) population heterogeneity [79,80,81,82].