PENK and acute kidney injury: Furthermore, emerging molecules like proenkephalin (PENK), C-C motif chemokine ligand 14 (CCL14), and Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3) have shown promise as effective predictors of post-transplant AKI, with comparable or improved performance, specificity, and sensitivity to other biomarkers, simultaneously outperforming creatinine-based AKI calculations [15,16,17,18].