Pretreatment with low concentrations of melatonin enhanced cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis, whereas post-treatment preserved the size of organoids, increased IFNLR1 expression, and reduced antiviral cytokines production (IFNλ1 and STAT1-3) in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 stimulation imitating viral infection, suggesting possible protective properties (Figure 7). Here, IFNLR1 is linked to viral infectious disease.