Rojas et al., 2022 [78], proposed a hypothetical model of non-specific ECT influence on the immune system in psychiatric disorders in which reduction in the pro-inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α) and increase in anti-inflammatory (IL-4, TGF-β1) cytokine levels is paralleled in the CNS immune systems’ function, i.e., diminution of microglia and astrocyte activity [78]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to psychiatric disorder.