Knock-down of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) results in a reduction in EGFR phosphorylation and MAPK activation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2R cells in the absence of EGF, suggesting that ALCAM also maintains the ligand-independent activity of EGFR [90]. This evidence concerns the gene EGFR and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.