NFKB1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Taken together, these results suggest that the systemic modulation of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., in serum) by different probiotic, postbiotic, and paraprobiotics of L. rhamnosus are mediated by downregulation at the gene level, partially through the TLR4/NF–κB pathway, which is a central regulator of inflammatory gene expression in metabolic disorders, including obesity [117].