TNF and Sepsis: Following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and macrophage inhibitor protein (MIP) is augmented at 24 h, while at 48 h, the productions of TNF, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, IL-10, and MIP are down-regulated, suggesting a dynamic role for the AT1R in modulating the immune response during sepsis [6].