The Beta Cell 2 and Lipodystrophy 1 pPSs were associated with progression to insulin treatment in Bonferroni-corrected adjusted survival models (HR per s.d. 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03–1.12, P = 0.0008; HR per s.d. 1.11 95% CI: 1.06–1.15, P = 0.0002), whereas the Obesity pPS was not associated with progression to insulin treatment irrespective of adjustment for multiple testing (Fig. 4b, Extended Data Fig. 9 and Supplementary Table 7). Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.