Notably, following in vitro CpG stimulation (Fig. 4c), CD19+CD3 ̄ B cells from VAP at 8h indeed contained a significantly higher fraction of IL-10+TNF ̄ cells than that at baseline (Fig. 4d, e), indicating an immediate boost of peripheral Bregs in VAP following AIT launch. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is ventilator-associated pneumonia.