However, the combinations of early immune responses on various layers (refer to the summary in Fig. 6d), e.g., by showing an enhanced Breg profile, non-inflammatory IL-6 signaling in Th2 cells, activation/survival signaling in various immune subsets and a rebalance between serum IL-6 levels and cMono, although being transient during the build-up time window, likely impact on the long-term beneficial outcome of AIT in VAP. Here, IL6 is linked to ventilator-associated pneumonia.