Similar to our CyTOF results (Fig. 3a), the relative frequency of sorted ex vivo Th2 among living CD4+ T cells was indeed much higher in VAP vs. HC (Fig. 5a) and the relative frequency of sorted Th2 cells was highly correlated with the percentage of Th2 cells in the CyTOF analysis (Fig. 5b). Here, CD4 is linked to ventilator-associated pneumonia.