TNF and ventilator-associated pneumonia: Interestingly, among all the 10 analyzed Th1 (TNF, IFNγ, IL-12), Th2 (IL-4, IL-13) and other inflammation-related cytokines (Fig. 5i), IL-6 was the only one showing an uniform pattern of temporary upregulation immediately following AIT treatment among VAP (Fig. 5i, j).