TNF and inflammation: Additionally, the injection of miR-130b-MVs significantly upregulated the expression of proinflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-1β and their receptors TLR2 and TLR4) and genes associated with liver damage (CCR2, c-Myb, col1a1, and MMP9) in HFD-induced obese mice, indicating that the miR-130b-MV injection led to hepatic inflammation and liver damage.