TGFB1 and neoplasm: For instance, TGF-β can induce the polarization of macrophages from M1 (marked by the release of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-18) to M2 macrophages, secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1ra and IL-10, and characterized by multiple immunosuppressive properties of the tumor microenvironment [25].