Our own study [58] examined vaccine-induced T cell responses by measuring IFN-γ and IL-2 directly in stimulated whole-blood samples from patients with IBD on various therapies, which offers the advantage of interrogating responses in the presence of therapeutic levels of immunomodulators [59], which is diluted out when peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are separated. The gene discussed is IL2; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.