PCK1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Moreover, HNCP improved glucose metabolism and showed remarkable antioxidant activity in this type 1 diabetic mouse model by regulating the expression levels of glycosynthases and gluconeogenesis-related [i.e., glucokinase (GK), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PEPCK1), and glucose-6-phosphate (G6Pase)] and antioxidant enzymes [i.e., catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1)].