A 2020 retrospective study of N = 77 orchiectomy specimens found that GCTs, except choriocarcinoma, primarily expressed PD-L1 on TAMs and that seminomas had increased intratumoral PD-L1+ TAMs compared with nonmetastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (p < 0.05) [134]. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and testicular germ cell tumor.