Although several autophagy-related proteins are implicated in immune modulation in an autophagy-independent manner (76–79), in terms of Becn1, an in vivo study on the relationship between Becn1 and immunity revealed that heterozygous deletion of Becn1 causes neuroinflammation due to autophagy impairment (80) and that myeloid loss of Becn1 results in spontaneous immune activation via IFN-γ–dependent signaling and resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection (34). This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and listeriosis.