The importance of CSF-1R signaling in cancer progression was originally hinted at by the association of high circulating levels of CSF-1 with poor outcomes in breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers and further supported by the co-localization of CSF-1 expressing carcinoma cells with CSF-1R+ TAMs in invasive breast cancer (91–94). The gene discussed is CSF1; the disease is carcinoma.