TNF and lung cancer: Figures 5A, B present the gene clustering analysis associated with lung cancer and immunotherapy for this period, highlighting CD274 as the gene most frequently mentioned across the literature (4,608 articles). PDCD1 and EGFR followed with 2,798 and 2,607 mentions, respectively. In addition, the top 10 associated genes included CTLA4, ALK, CD8A, CD4, KRAS, IFNG, and FOXP3. The construction of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, illustrated in Figure 5C, identifies the top ten proteins as CD274, STAT3, VEGFA, AKT1, TP53, ERBB2, EGFR, TNF, IL6, and CTLA4.