Previously, our group assessed the levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), its co-receptor CD14, and the NF-κB p65 subunit to investigate the role of β-carotene in inhibiting the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/TLR4 signaling pathway in human adenocarcinoma colon epithelial (HT-29) cells (51). Here, NFKB1 is linked to adenocarcinoma.