CD4 and chronic kidney disease: CKD risk is associated with high HIV viremia (> 4000 copies per ml), severe immunosuppression (CD4 cell count < 200 cells/ml), infection with hepatitis C virus, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, use of drugs that treat opportunistic infections, and toxicity due to anti-retroviral therapy (ART) from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and indinavir [6, 21–24].