GFAP and bone neoplasm: During the progression of BCP, the presence of bone tumors may lead to damage to peripheral nerves, subsequently causing sensitization of primary sensory neurons and activation of glial cells.29 Research has shown that astrocytes and microglia in the central nervous system of BCP rats play a significant role in pain mechanisms.30,31 To identify the specific cell types influencing BCP, we conducted IHC using cell-specific markers GFAP (astrocytes) and Iba1 (microglia).