The  ́Howard ́ gene set comprising upregulation of cytokine signaling, in particular IFN signaling, MHC mediated antigen presentation and IFN-gamma signaling was previously shown to be upregulated after influenza vaccination40 but was downregulated in both MV-specific and TT-specific CD154+ T cells of our HIV cohort (Fig. 6B). The gene discussed is HLA-C; the disease is influenza.