In the TT-stimulated CD154− T cells of the HIV-infected group, there was an upregulation of the  ́Kazmin ́ gene set (Fig. 6B) previously described to be downregulated by the malaria vaccine RTS,S; for which the induced protection was linked to genes for TLR signaling, IFN I responses or antigen presentation43. The gene discussed is CD40LG; the disease is malaria.