TNF and cardiac hypertrophy: Through its blockade of DNA methylation, studies have shown that it may improve cardiac hypertrophy and reduce cardiac fibrosis by reducing the effect of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2a (SERCA2a), inhibiting DNA methyltransferases and blocking expression of HCM genes [68–70].