MTOR and lung cancer: Tubeimoside-1 in breast cancer, ginsenoside Rk3 in HCC, polyphyllin VI in NSCLC, aescin in lung cancer, and sasanquasaponin ΙΙΙ in melanoma mainly target the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway to induce cell autophagy; autophagy activated by tubeimoside-1 protects cells from death (Jiang et al., 2019), whereas the other four compounds result in cell death (Qu et al., 2023; Singh et al., 2023; Liang et al., 2019; Teng et al., 2019).