IGF1R and triple-negative breast carcinoma: In other mechanistic studies, β-Elemene was shown to suppress the growth of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells by reducing the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and Bcl-2; promoting the expression of cleaved caspase-3; and thus initiating apoptosis (Xie et al., 2022).