TNF and malaria: The enriched KEGG pathways primarily encompassed cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor signaling, the TNF signaling cascade, the IL-17 signaling pathway, the advanced glycation end (AGE)–receptor for AGE (RAGE) signaling pathways implicated in diabetic complications, malaria, nicotinate metabolism, and nicotinamide metabolism (Fig. 4D).