The inhibition of S1P2 attenuates neutrophil infiltrationand downregulates occludin expression.38,39 Additionally,cabergoline, a dopamine D2 receptor agonist, protects BBB integrityagainst LPS-induced disruption by upregulating zonula occludens-1(ZO-1).40 These findings suggest that BBBdisruption is a common pathology in PD and can be influenced by factorssuch as α-synuclein, Hcy, S1P2, and inflammatory stimuli, highlightingpotential therapeutic targets for maintaining BBB integrity in neurodegenerativediseases. This evidence concerns the gene SNCA and Parkinson disease.