Extracellularly, full length TDP-43 and its fragments have been observed as naked proteins or membrane-bound in extracellular vesicles in neuron-like cell cultures and in blood and cerebrospinal fluids of ALS and FTLD patients(Sackmann et al., 2020; Casarotto et al., 2022; Chattarjee et al., 2024). The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.