CCL3 and cancer: In Secreted Signaling, NK cells and macrophage cells play a major role with ligand–receptor pairs such as LGALS9-CD45, CCL3-CCR1, etc. LGALS9, a member of the galactoglucan lectin family and an emerging target for cancer immunotherapy, exerts anti-tumor immune responses by regulating the homeostasis of the immune microenvironment and Tim-3 signaling to exert anti-tumor immune responses (Lv et al., 2023).