In obesity, the expression of CXCR7, CXCL11 and CXCL12 is increased, and CXCR7 neutralizing therapy with an anti-CXCR7 antibody can not only reduce macrophage infiltration and inflammation in obesity but also improve insulin resistance (83). Here, CXCL12 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.