Airway wall thickness, assessed through Pi10 values, demonstrated increased remodelling from controls (1.87) through asthma (2.09 mm) to COPD (2.57 mm) and peaking in ACO (2.87 mm) (P < 0.0001, HSD) (Fig. 5e, Supplementary Figure S5e). Here, SERPINB10 is linked to asthma.