In COPD, we identified immune pathways associated with response to fungus (P=2.30×10−5), interleukin-1 beta production (P=9.93×10−5), interleukin-8 production (P=4.25×10−4), positive regulation of tumor necrosis superfamily cytokine production (P=4.25×10−4), neutrophil mediated immunity (P=5.88×10−3) (all p-values from hypergeometric test, BH corrected). Here, IL1B is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.