Moreover, MACC1 can modulate the TME through the induction of cancer cell stemness, as CSCs can secrete a multitude of immunosuppressive factors, including cytokines IL-4, IL-8, TGF-β, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) but also extracellular vesicles (EVs) with respective cargos [161, 162]. Here, MACC1 is linked to cancer.