AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: One such algorithm, GALAD (gender [biological sex], age, α-fetoprotein [AFP], Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of AFP [AFP-L3], protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II [PIVKA-II]), combines gender (sex at birth) and age, with the measurement of three serum biomarkers (AFP, AFP-L3, and PIVKA-II), and has demonstrated superior clinical performance versus single biomarkers for the differentiation of HCC and CLD29–31.