Some forms of AH, such as those associated with myelodysplastic syndrome, hemoglobinopathies, and repeated blood transfusions, are caused by a down-regulation of hepcidin mediated through anemia- and hypoxia-associated signaling pathways, leading to a similar effect as seen in HH with increased intestinal iron absorption [6, 30]. Here, HAMP is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.