TGFB1 and neoplasm: However, it should be mentioned that excessive TGF-β signalling would also accelerate progression of cancer by other mechanisms, such as promotion of tumour stemness and cancer drug resistance via the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells [28], and promotion of endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis via induction of EndMT [29].