In an Italian study, VECs collected from vaginal swabs of healthy women, asymptomatic C. albicans carriers, and vaginal candidiasis patients revealed that the transcription factors nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and c-Fos-p38 were activated in VECs from symptomatic and asymptomatic pseudomycelia/mycelia carriers. Here, NFKB1 is linked to vulvovaginal candidiasis.