HIF1A and Thiamine deficiency: Furthermore, in addition to the canonical activation of HIF-1α under hypoxic conditions through the aforementioned signaling pathways, this transcriptional factor can also be elicited by diverse non-hypoxic stimuli, including the accumulation of vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency (49), metabolic intermediates (notably succinate) (44), oxidative stress (32, 33), inflammatory responses, and metabolic reprogramming (50–52).