This pattern of elevated CTSB expression has also been reported for lung cancer, where it is associated with increased tumor aggressiveness and poorer patient prognosis, potentially hindering the prediction of patients' response to chemotherapy (Gormley et al., 2011[12]; Harbeck et al., 2001[14]; Werle et al., 1999[52]). This evidence concerns the gene CTSB and lung cancer.