In addition to these signaling pathways and the proteins involved in them, there are some other proteins whose functions, as indicated by some studies, can indirectly play important roles in the progression of lung cancer, including cathepsin B (CTSB), enolase, and galectin-3 (GAL3) (Gondi and Rao; 2013[11], Huang et al., 2017[18]; Pokhare et al., 2022[35]). Here, CTSB is linked to lung carcinoma.