SMAD3 and neoplasm: Inhibition of pAKT inhibited collagen expression in tumor cells cultured alone or cocultured with control TILs or attIL12-TILs, suggesting that attIL12-TIL coculture not only abolished TGFβ-induced SMAD3 signaling but also disabled TGFβ-independent CCKAR-AKT activation to suppress collagen expression.