IRF5 and neoplasm: These polymeric nanoparticles could target macrophages due to the high affinity of HA and CD44, which is overexpressed on macrophages.[69] In 2019, Zhang et al. reported PBAE-based nanocarriers that specifically target M2 tumor-associated macrophages.[58] This nanocarrier loaded with mRNAs encoding M1-polarizing transcription factors of interferon regulatory factor 5 and inhibitor kappa B kinase β (IKKβ), reprogrammed immunosuppressive M2 phenotype to the antitumor M1 phenotype.