Particularly in HNSCC (Fig. 3B), CES1 was found to have low overall expression, with abnormally high levels indicating a significant risk factor for poor prognosis (Fig. 3C), with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.46 (1.11–1.93) and a p = 0.0075. The gene discussed is CES1; the disease is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.