For this purpose, we generated TA99 murine CAR-T cells that could specifically recognize melanoma-associated tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1) and rigorously characterized their phenotypic profile (CD4/CD8 ratio and CCR5 expression) as well as their ability to specifically eliminate B16-luci tumor cells in vitro (Supplementary Fig. 13).45,46 When applied to murine melanoma models where tumor volumes had reached 300 mm3, the combination of E. coli with TA99 CAR-T cells resulted in a remarkable 50% complete tumor remission rate (Fig. 5a–c). Here, CCR5 is linked to melanoma.