TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In a previous clinical study, probiotic treatment with Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Propionibacterium, and Bifidobacterium was shown to be associated with reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in patients with NAFLD [24,31,32].