WFS1-associated deafness is also linked with diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, and retinal ganglion cell–related optic nerve atrophy in people as part of the clinical symptoms of Wolfram syndrome and DIDMOAD (diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness) (100, 101). This evidence concerns the gene WFS1 and optic atrophy.