TALENs and CRISPR–Cas nucleases have been utilized to target the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene in CAR-T cells, aiming to inhibit GM-CSF secretion upon CAR-T cell activation, thereby potentially averting the activation of monocytes or macrophages, and subsequently reducing the risk of CRS (116, 117). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and congenital rubella syndrome.