The clinical implications of these findings are substantial, and suggest that targeting GM through FMT and other microbiome-modulating therapies like prebiotics and probiotics may not only alleviate GI symptoms associated with PD but also enhance SCFAs, and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10) production, while decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (MCP-1 and IL-8) (48). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and Parkinson disease.