PTEN and cancer: Several studies have suggested that WT p53 can induce autophagy in cancer cells via the activation of AMPK and the suppression of mTOR by transcriptional induction of the genes encoding phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) and tuberous sclerosis 1 (TSC1) [76–79], whereas autophagy is inhibited in p53 mutant cancer cells [80, 81].