IFNA1 and COVID-19: To compare IFN responses with Northern Hemisphere cohorts, we integrated our Malawian single-cell data with multi-cohort COVID-19 (five cohorts, 60 patients), LRTD (one cohort, 13 patients) and non-LRTD (23 cohorts, 178 patients) data from the Human Lung Cell Atlas10 (HLCA) (Fig. 4a; cohorts summarized in Fig. 1b).