Other inflammatory pathways showed a mixture of upregulation and downregulation in the Malawian cohort compared to HLCA cohorts, including IL6/JAK/STAT (Fig. 4b, green arrow) and TNF-NFKB (Fig. 4b, blue arrow)—key targets for therapies being used in COVID-19. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and COVID-19.